Minggu, 09 Maret 2014

To understand simple intructions


Describing a Process or a Procedure


  • Process: How something happens, takes place. Often uses Passive tenses
  • Procedure: Giving Directions or Instructions. Usually in Active voice 
  • Contoh:
              Popcorn is something you often eat when you
              watch a movie at a cinema. It is very easy to
            make perfect popcorn if follow the correct
           procedure.
          First, put three tablespoons of oil in a large pot.
          Then, heat the oil on a high flame until one
          kernel of popcorn pops when you drop it into the
          hot oil. Now, pour a quarter cup of popcorn into
          the pot and cover the pot with a lid. Reduce the
          f lame and gently shake the pot. Continue
          shaking until the corn has popped. Finally,
          empty the popcorn into a large bowl and add
          melted butter and salt.
          As you can see making popcorn is very simple if
           you follow the steps above. Enjoy your movie! 
           Task : (Individu)
           See the diagram below and write down the process in a piece of paper to be
           submitted to me.... As individual task.
          Judul : HOW TO MAKE BOTTLED ORANGE JUICE 


    Asking & Giving Suggestion

    English Expressions: Asking & Giving Suggestion (Meminta dan memberi saran) adalah salah satu ungkapan bahasa Inggris sehari-hari yang perlu diketahui oleh semua kalangan. Tidak hanya oleh para siswa tingkat elementary dan intermediate saja, tingkat advance pun harusnya sudah bisa menguasai materi percakapan ini.

    Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, seringkali kita mendapatkan berbagai masalah yang mungkin tidak bisa kita selesaikan sendiri. Terkadang kita membutuhkan saran orang lain agar masalah yang sedang kita hadapi bisa menemukan solusi yang tepat. Lalu bagaimanakah meminta saran dalam bahasa Inggris? Serta bagaimana memberikan saran tersebut? Oke kita langsung menuju dialog di bawah ini agar lebih mudah : 

    Anton : I have a serious problem today. I have just lost my driver license.
    Shally : Don't be so sad my friend, let us search it around the park.
    Anton : I have looked for it for hours but I do not find it, do you have some ideas?
    Shally : You had better tell the securities to announce it to other students.
    Anton : Yeah, that sounds good. I do hope it helps.

    Nah itu dia contoh dialog asking & giving suggestion. Kata bergaris bawah pertama adalah salah satu ungkapan meminta saran. Sedang kata bergaris bawah kedua adalah salah satu ungkapan memberi saran dalam bahasa Inggris. Untuk lebih jelasnya, mari kita lihat beberapa ungkapan umum yang sering digunakan ketika meminta saran dan bagaimana memberikannya di bawah ini :

    Asking Suggestion
    Giving Suggestion
    Do you have any ideas for me?
    (Apa kau punya ide untukku?)
    Do you have any suggestions for me?
    (Apa kau punya saran untukku?)
    Do you have any advice for me?
    (Apa kau punya nasihat untukku?)
    Would you mind giving me your suggestion?
    (Apakah kau mau memberikan saran?)
    Can you tell me what I should do?
    (Bisakah kau katakana apa yang harus aku lakukan)
    What should I do?
    (Aku seharusnya melakukan apa?)
    You should + V1
    (Kau seharusnya + Kata kerja
    You had better + V1
    (Kau lebih baik + Kata kerja)
    You ought to + V1
    (Kau seharusnya + Kata Kerja)
    I advise you to + V1
    (saya sarankan kau untuk + kata kerja)
    I suggest you to + V1
    (saya sarankan kau untuk + kata kerja)
    I recommend you to + V1
    (saya anjurkan kau untuk + kata kerja)

    Mungkin ungkapan di atas sudah sangat mewakili berbagai ungkapan asking dan giving suggestion lainnya. Karena jika penguasaan vocabulary kita sudah sangat mantap, berbagai expressions bisa kita kuasai sekaligus. 

    Do you have any suggestions how I should write and explain the other expressions? Apa sobat punya saran apa yang bagaimana saya tulis dan jelaskan ungkapan-ungkapan lain tentang asking & giving suggestion?

     
  •  Asking for Advice
    What do you think I should do?
    What do you suggest?
    What would you do (in this situation)?
    Giving Advice
    I think you should get a lawyer.
    Maybe you should try someplace else.
    Why don't you call the company?
    If I were you, I would tell her. 

     
    ASKING NECESSITY AND OBLIGATION
    Here are some examples of phrases and sentences that can be used to express or express obligation and the Necessary .

    A. Obligation

    1 . using adjectives : Obligatory , Compulsory , Needless , Unnecessary

    Example Sentence :
  • It is obligatory for the people to Participate in education .
  • Entering elementary school is compulsory in Indonesia .
  • That's a needless thing to speak with him .
  • It's unnecessary to sit under the tree for hours .
  • Etc. .


2 . Use nouns : Obligation , Compulsion , a Need , Necessity

Example Sentence :
  • There is a legal obligation to enter the army .
  • It's compulsion to obey your parents .
  • It's a need for everybody to eat nutritious food .
  • Is it a necessity for man and woman to sit apart ?


3 . Use Verbs : Oblige


Example Sentence :
  • My father obliged me to study every night .


4 . Use Capital Auxiliaries : Must , Have to , ought to , Should

Example Sentence :
  • You must obey your parents .
  • Every Muslim must pray five times a day .
  • I have to go now .
  • You ought to repair my watch .
  • Those shoes should be repaired .
  • I ought to wake up early
  • Etc. .



NOTE :
The word "must " have a very strong sense of ( strong ) . The use of the word " must" is more Likely to have meaning on a must already be an obligation to do .

B. Necessary


Example Sentence :
  • I think it's not your necessity to follow the party .
  • To sleep at noon is being my necessity .

  •  
    Persuading and convincing (Meyakinkan)

    Persuading and convincing (Meyakinkan)


    Why don’t you try our special drink bandrek to warm up your body?

    If I were you, I would … ?
     I’m sure you are on the right track.?

     I bet you could do it.?

    Persuading dari kata dasar to persuade yang baerarti membujuk. Persuade  him to go. Bujuk ia untk pergi
    Convincing dari kata dasar to convince yang berarti meyakinkan: Don’t try to convince me.(Jangan coba meyakinkan saya). I am convinced that she is wrong (saya yakin bahwa dia salah)
    Read the following story.
    I was on a train the other day, traveling
    from Jakarta to Surabaya. I was sitting a
    half-full compartment, and wanted to read
    the last chapter of Agatha Christie’s “The
    Orient Express”. Suddenly, a woman came
    in and said. “Excuse me. Is this seat taken?”.
    “No”, I answered briefly. Usually I like to
    talk with people, but not this time. I wanted
    to finish reading the book and find out who
    the murderer was. “Do you mind if I
    smoke?” said the woman. At first I wanted to say, “Well, I
    feel sick when people smoke. Can you find another seat?”.
    But of course, I smiled a charming smile and said, “Yes,
    certainly”. I still have not finished that last chapter and still
    don’t know who the murderer was. You see, I am unfortunately
    one of those people who find it difficult to say “No” to
    expressions like “May I …”, “Do you mind if I …”, or “Is it
    alright if I …”. The trouble is that when I hear those magic
    words, I just don’t have the courage to refuse. Well, what do
    you say to those difficult questions?

     
    Gramar riview :
    A.  Degrees of comparison
    Penjelasan Degrees of Comparison - Degrees of Comparison atau yang sering di sebut comparison degrees merupakan salah satu materi grammar yang banyak diajarkan di tingkatan sekolah, baik dari SD sampai SMA. Pelajran Degrees of Comparison pertama kali dikenalkan ketika kita SD kelas 6, dan merupakan materi pelajaran bahasa Inggris yang sulit dimengerti oleh anak SD.

    Sebagaimana kita ketahui bahwa terdapat tiga tingkatan dalam Degrees of Comparison, pertama yaitu positive/ negative comparison, kedua comparative dan yang terakhir adalah superlative. Tetapi sebelum kita melangkah ke sub-bagian tersebut, alangkah baiknya jika paham terlebih dahulu pembentukan -er/est yang mutlak dibutuhkan ketika kita menggunakan comparative dan superlative.

    Pembentukan Adjectives Untuk Comparative dan Superlative Degree.

    Terdapat dua jenis pembentukan adjectives untuk comparative dan superlative degree, yaitu untuk one-sylable adjectives (adjectives dengan satu ucapan) dan more than one-syllable adjective (adjective dengan lebih dari satu pengucapan).

    1. One-syllable adjectives

    Banyak orang berpikir pembentukan one-syllable adjectives untuk comparative dan superlative degree sesimple dengan manambahkan er/est pada akhiran adjectives saja, tetapi ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan seperti hal berikut di bawah ini.
    Adjectives
    Comparative
    Superlative
    Old
    Older
    Oldest
    Tall
    Taller
    Tallest
    Cheap
    Cheaper
    Cheapest



    Late
    Later
    Latest
    Nice
    Nicer
    Nicest



    Angry
    Angrier
    Angriest
    Funky
    Funkier
    Funkiest
    Lucky
    Luckier
    Luckiest



    Fat
    Fatter
    Fattest
    Big
    Bigger
    Biggest
    Thin
    Thinner
    Thinnest



  • Kebanyakan adjectives hanya ditambahkan -er/-est dalam membentuk adjectives untuk comparative dan superlative degree. Misalkan:
No
Comperative
Supelative
01
Old + -er = Older
Old + -est = Oldest
02
Tall + -er = Taller
Tall + -est = Tallest
03
Cheap + -er = Cheaper
Cheap + -est = Cheapest

  • Untuk adjectives yang berakhiran huruf hidup (vowel) pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan superlative degree hanya ditambahkan -r/st. Misalnya:
No
Comperative
Supelative
01
Late + -r = Later
Late + -st = Latest
02
Nice + -r = Nicer
Nice + -st = Nicest



  • Untuk adjectives yang berkahiran huruf 'Y', pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan superlative degree yaitu dengan cara merubah huru 'Y' tersebut menjadi huruf 'I' kemudian ditambahkan -er/-est. Misalnya:
No
Comperative
Supelative
01
Angry = angri + er = Angrier
Angry = angri + est = Angriest
02
Funky = funki + er = Funkier
Funky = funki + est = Funkiest
03
Lucky = lucki + er = Luckier
Lucky = lucki + est = Luckiest
  • Untuk adjectives yang berakhiran huruf mati (consonant) yang sebelumnya didahului oleh satu huruf hidup (vowel), misalkan fat, big, thin, pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan superlative yaitu dengan mengulang huruf akhir adjectives tersebut dan ditambahkan -er/-est. Misalnya:
No
Comperative
Supelative
01
Fat = fatt + -er = Fatter
Fat = fatt + -est = Fattest
02
Big = bigg + -er = Bigger
Big = bigg + -est = Biggest
03
Thin = thinn + -er = Thinner
Thin = thinn + -est = Thinnest
Irrigular Comparison

Selain terdapat pengecualian dalam pembentukan one-syllable adjectives untuk comparative dan superlative seperti di atas, anda juga harus memperhatikan apa itu irrigular comparison. Irrigular comparison adalah pembentukan adjectives untuk comperative dan superlative yang tidak mengikuti ketentuan-ketentuan di atas. Misalnya:

Adjectives
Comperative
Suupelative
Good/well
Better
Best
Bad
Worse
Worst
Far
Further/farther
Futhest/farthest
Little
Less
Least
Old
Older/elder
Oldest/eldest
               
2. More than one-syllable adjectives

Adjective dengan lebih dari satu pengucapan adalah kata adjective yang memerlukan dua pengucapan atau lebih untuk mengucapkannya, misalkan kata 'beautiful' memerlukan tiga pengucapan byu-ti-ful, dsb.

Pembentukan comperative dan superlative untuk adjective dengan lebih dari satu pengucapan relatif mudah, yaitu dengan menambahkan kata more/ most di depan kata adjective tersebut. Misalkan:

Adjectives
Comperative
Supelative
Beautiful
More beautiful
Most beautiful
Handsome
More handsome
Most handsome
Ugly
More ugly
Most ugly
           
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Setalah memahami pembentukan comperative dan superlative untuk one-syllable dan more than one-syllable adjective di atas, seperti yang penulis janjikan, mari kita simak penjelasan dari tiga jenis Degrees of Comparison.

1. Equality comparison (Perbandingan setara)

Pada equality comparison ini, menggambarkan perbadinginan yang setera antara pembading dan yang dibandingakan. Terdapat dua jenis equality comparison yaitu Postive comparison dan Negative Comparison.

Positive Comparison

Rumus:
Subject + To be + As + Adjectives + Object

Contohnya:
- My hands were as cold as ice. (Tangan-tangan ku sedingin es)
- She is as beautiful as her mother.(Dia (pr) secantik ibunya)

Negative Comparison

Rumus:
Subject + To be + Not + As/so + Adjectives + Object

Contohnya:
- She is not as/so beautiful as her mother. (Dia (pr) tidak secantik ibunya.)
- Andi is not as/ so tall as Tomy. (Andi tidak setinggi Tomy.)

2. Comparative

Comparative adalah struktur kebahasaan dalam bahasa Inggris yang membandingkan satu orang/benda (tunggal) dengan satu orang/benda lainnya (tunggal). Biasanya dicirikan dengan adanya kata More/-er (lebih) dan Than (dari pada). Untuk mengetahui bagaimana membentuk adjectives yang mendapat imbuhan more/-er, lihat penjelasan di atas.

Rumus:
Subject + To be + More/-er + Adejctives + Than + Object

Contohnya:
- She is more beautiful than her mother. (Dia (pr) lebih cantik dari pada ibunya.)
- Andi is more handsome than Tomy. (Andi lebih tampan dari pada Tomy.)

Selain mengguankan rumus di atas, terdapat pula pola yang mencerminkan Comparative yaitu dengan pengguanaan The .... The ..., misalkan:
- The sooner the better. (Lebih cepat lebih baik.)
- The older I get, the happier I am. (Semakin tua, semakin bahagia saya.)
- The more dangerous it is, the more I like it. (Semaikin berbahaya, semakin saya suka.)

3. Superlative

Superlative adalah struktur kebahasaan dalam bahasa Inggris yang membandingkan satu orang/ benda (tunggal) dengan orang/ benda yang lain (jamak). Biasanya dicirikan dengan adanya kata Most/-est (paling) dan artikel the sebelum kata most/-est. Untuk mengetahui bagaimana membentuk adjectives yang mendapat imbuhan most/-est, lihat penjelasan di atas.

Rumus :
Subject + To be + The + Most/-est + Adjective

Contohnya:
- She is the most beautiful creature in the world. (Dia adalah mahluk paling cantik di dunia.)
- I am the smartest students in the class. (Saya siswa paling cerdas di kelas.)

  •  
    The imperative
    We can use the imperative to give a direct order.
    1.         Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.
    2.       Stand up straight.
    3.       Give me the details.
    We can use the imperative to give instructions.
    1.         Open your book.
    2.       Take two tablets every evening.
    3.       Take a left and then a right.
    We can use the imperative to make an invitation.
    1.         Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
    2.       Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
    3.       Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.
    We can use the imperative on signs and notices.
    1.         Push.
    2.       Do not use.
    3.       Insert one dollar.
    We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.
    1.         Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.
    2.       Have a quiet word with her about it.
    3.       Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.
    We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.
    ·         Do be quiet.
    ·         Do come.
    ·         Do sit down.